Tracing Scholastic Science (‘Ilm al-Kalȃm): Evolution in Arab World and India

Abstract

‘Ilm al-Kalȃm, also recognized as Scholastic Theology, stands as a discipline within Islamic studies dedicated to probing the core tenets of the Islamic faith and presenting substantiated arguments to uphold them, thus addressing any doubts that may arise. This field of inquiry emerged as an essential response to the need for safeguarding the creed of Islam against the adverse influences of philosophical schools such as Jabariyya and Mu’tazila. ‘Ilm al-Kalȃm primarily delves into Islamic doctrines, with particular emphasis on concepts like the Unity of God, the Divine Attributes, and the nuanced notions of universal and restricted prophethood. However, divergent opinions among Muslim sects regarding the specific articles of faith (Uṣȗl al-Dȋn) that require unwavering belief exist. As a result, an extensive corpus of literature has been generated in Arabic, enriching scholarly discourse in both the Arab world and India.