India’s Road To Sdg 7: An Analytical Review Of Energy Access, Renewable Growth, And Policy Challenges

Abstract

Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030. India, as a rapidly developing nation, plays a critical role in global efforts to meet energy-related targets while transitioning toward a low-carbon economy. This paper critically analyzes India’s progress on SDG 7 using data up to 2023, focusing on electricity access, renewable energy deployment, and improvements in energy efficiency. Drawing from credible national and international sources, the study highlights significant advancements such as near-universal electrification, rapid solar capacity expansion, and improvements in energy intensity. However, the analysis also uncovers persisting challenges—regional disparities, unreliable rural supply, financial stress in distribution companies, and slow uptake of rooftop solar. By applying a mix of descriptive statistics and trend analysis, this research identifies both achievements and structural gaps. The paper concludes with targeted policy recommendations to accelerate India's transition toward inclusive, affordable, and sustainable energy by 2030.