Trust and Consumption of Print Media for Nutrition Information among Pregnant Women: Insights in the Context of Rising Smartphone Usage

Abstract

Background: Nutrition literacy in pregnancy shapes diet quality and health outcomes, yet the credibility and channel preferences for information are shifting amid rapid digitization.

Objective: To assess pregnant women’s trust and reliance on print media for nutrition information in Punjab, India, in the context of rising smartphone access.

Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was administered to 600 pregnant women attending public and private antenatal centres across six districts (two per region). Stratified sampling ensured proportional representation. A structured, pre-tested questionnaire (English/Punjabi/ Hindi) captured sociodemographic, frequency of use, and trust in newspapers, magazines, and health-worker leaflets, alongside smartphone use for nutrition information. Associations were examined using Chi-Square tests and directional measures.

Results: Reliance on newspapers and magazines was low (59% and 62% “never,” respectively). Leaflets distributed by ASHAs/ANMs showed comparatively higher uptake, with nearly one-third reporting frequent/consistent use. Smartphone use for nutrition was limited: 87.2% reported either no use or <1 hour/day. Area of residence showed a significant but weak association (χ²[4] = 14.406, p = .006), whereas working status was not associated with trust. Across channels, interpersonal communication with doctors/health workers was most trusted, with leaflets serving a complementary role.

Conclusions: The results indicate that print leaflets, when distributed alongside interpersonal counselling by health professionals such as ASHA workers and ANMs, remain influential. In contrast, smartphones are comparatively less used for nutrition literacy because of concerns regarding the credibility of online information.

Implications: Testing is needed for hybrid strategies that combine redesigned leaflets with carefully vetted digital resources.

Future research: Mixed-methods and longitudinal designs should probe cultural factors and evaluate hybrid models’ effectiveness over time.