Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

healthcare, and industrial automation are wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The lifetime and efficiency of these networks are greatly challenged, nevertheless, by sensor nodes' finite energy resources. Emphasizing energy-efficient routing techniques in WSNs, this thorough study investigates their design ideas, performance criteria, and general application under several conditions. We examine and contrast several types of routing systems: data-centric, location-based, and hierarchical ones. Furthermore included in the paper are current developments in energy-efficient routing including cross-layer optimization methods based on machine learning. At last, we highlight open research questions and future prospects in this subject, therefore offering insightful analysis for practitioners and academics engaged in WSN implementations.