Historical, Geographical, and Cultural Linkages: India's Northeast as a Strategic Gateway to Southeast Asia

Abstract

This study examines the multifaceted connections between India's Northeast region and its neighboring Southeast Asian countries, positioning the Northeast as a crucial gateway for India's eastward engagement. Using a mixed-methods approach combining literature review, historical analysis, surveys, and questionnaires, the research investigates how historical trade routes, cultural exchanges, and ethnic affinities have shaped these transnational relationships for millennia. The findings reveal that despite colonial disruptions and contemporary challenges, strong underlying connections persist in five key areas: geographical contiguity, historical trade networks, ethnic linkages, cultural-religious affinities, and shared developmental aspirations. These connections provide natural foundations for implementing India's "Act East" policy. The research identifies specific opportunities for strengthening cross-border cooperation while highlighting infrastructural, security, and institutional constraints that must be addressed. This study contributes to understanding how historical and cultural affinities can serve as foundations for modern diplomatic and economic relationships in the Indo-Pacific region, with implications for policymakers working on regional integration initiatives.