Society In The Literature Of Trailokyanath Mukhopadhyay: A Study Of “Bangal Nidhiram” And “Moyna Kothay”

Abstract

Trailokyanath Mukhopadhyay’s literary works offer a vivid portrayal of nineteenth-century Bengali society, marked by deep social inequalities, rigid orthodoxy, and emerging modern consciousness. His narratives capture the harsh realities faced by women, including restricted mobility, denial of education, child marriage, dowry demands, and severe forms of domestic abuse. Through Moyna Kothay, he exposes the suffering of Prabhabati, whose life reflects the systemic cruelty inflicted upon brides, driven by greed, superstition, and patriarchal authority. The story illustrates how religious hypocrisy and caste prejudices were strategically used to justify violence and discrimination, revealing the contradictions within so-called pious households. Similarly, Bangal Nidhiram highlights the oppressive dowry system, economic hardships of ordinary families, and the duplicity of socially respected figures who exploit tradition for personal gain. Alongside these social critiques, Trailokyanath also depicts the transformative influence of Western education, which encouraged the younger generation to question oppressive customs and aspire toward social reform. His works demonstrate a tension between conservative forces and progressive thought, making them important documents for understanding the transitional nature of nineteenth-century Bengal. By blending sharp satire with realistic social commentary, Trailokyanath not only exposed societal flaws but also advocated for humanitarian values and modern sensibilities. This study analyses how Moyna Kothay and Bangal Nidhiram reflect the socio-cultural dynamics of the time, particularly issues related to women’s status, dowry, and religious orthodoxy, thereby establishing Trailokyanath as a significant voice for social awareness and reform.