Vitamin D deficiency as risk factor for Multiple myeloma and Renal dysfunction among Sudanese patients

Abstract

Background: The incidence of multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy that affects plasma cells,

is increasing in developed countries. Vitamin D (VD) status is a modifiable factor that may lower the risk of cancer by modulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis by attaching to a particular receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

The study aims: to assess serum Vitamin D levels, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid and hemoglobin, among Sudanese individuals diagnosed with MM.

Methods: This is a case control study, where 50 patients and 50 healthy age matched controls were enrolled after informed consent. Blood (serum) samples were analyzed for Vitamin D level and renal profile using a fully automated cobas 6000 & e 601 (Roch Germany). Hemoglobin levels in whole blood were determined by the Sysmex KX21 autoanalyzer.

Results: vitamin D deficiency was common in multiple myeloma patients.  There was a significant difference between the two groups p-value= 0.043. A ten-fold increase to have MM was found among the first quartile vitamin D level ≤11.45 IU/L (OR= 10.7). Urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid and hemoglobin revealed a significant difference between patient and control. No statistically significant differences in the means of renal disorder markers across the four quartiles among MM cases. Creatinine, phosphate, and calcium levels showed a significant association with vitamin D deficiency.  

Conclusion: A significant association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of MM. Individuals with lowest vitamin D levels exhibited a ten-fold increase to have MM.