Rethinking Caste and Village Studies: A Critical Examination of Theoretical Frameworks and Field Realities

Abstract

Indian village studies have been largely influenced by caste-based theories. In the 20th century, scholars analyzed village community through structural-functionalism, linking caste to traditional occupations and social stratification. However, a critical examination of fieldwork data from M. N. Srinivas, K. Ishwaran, and Kathleen Gough reveals significant contradictions between theoretical assumptions and empirical realities. While scholars argue that caste determines occupation and hierarchical status, actual field data challenges this claim.

This study reassesses dominant theoretical perspectives in village studies and highlights the discrepancies between caste and stratification theories and real-world observations. By juxtaposing theoretical arguments with empirical findings, this article underscores the need for alternative frameworks that more accurately capture the complexities of Indian rural society.